If you are repeatedly being interviewed and then not getting the job, it is *possible* that it is due to a bad reference. A single instance is not enough to draw that conclusion, however.
Here's the thing. Contrary to what far, far too many people believe (if you go by the questions we get here) employers do not make reference calls or background checks on applicants before they decide whom to interview, and of those that they do interview, they only run such checks or make such calls on the top two or three candidates. Of those two or three, only one is going to get the job, and it is rare that the results of the check are the deciding factor. They may be A factor, but rarely (not never, but rarely) does it tip the balance.
So if it was happening repeatedly, then that MIGHT indicate a bad reference. If it happened only once, or even two or three times, that is not enough to draw the conclusion that any negative things are being said about you. Particularly not in the current economy when for every job, there are literally hundreds of applicants, any of whom might have equal or better qualifications than you.
Also, please keep in mind that it is LEGAL for an employer to say that you are ineligible for rehire (if indeed you are ineligible for rehire) and that the employer gets to decide who is and is not eligible. Who can and cannot be rehired is not addressed by law as long as Title VII and related laws are not violated (race, religion, etc.) I have worked for companies where NO ONE is eligible for rehire because of a complicated set of non-disclosure and non-compete agreements related to intellectual property. Any HR manager worth their salt knows this. Finally, it is LEGAL for an employer to give the reason you were termed or are not eligible for rehire.