I couldn't find any specific law such as you noted, however; in general the church can use its property to place its dumpster provided that it is legal and doesn't create a nuisance such as a health hazard.
A quick search of caselaw finds;
In Reaver v. ****** Theatres, Fla. 1951, 52 So.2d 682, 683, 25 A.L.R.2d 1451, under this maxim, it was stated that "it is well settled that a property owner may put his own property to any reasonable and lawful use, so long as he does not thereby deprive the adjoining landowner of any right of enjoyment of his property which is recognized and protected by law, and so long as his use is not such a one as the law will pronounce a nuisance." [Emphasis supplied.]
And a nuisance is defined in Florida law as:
823.01 Nuisances; penalty.—All nuisances that tend to annoy the community, injure the health of the citizens in general, or corrupt the public morals are misdemeanors of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.083, except that a violation of s. 823.10 is a felony of the third degree.
Have you spoken to the church about your concerns, and perhaps offered to pay them to change the location?